All through history, recycling has been around in some way or another. Even as long ago as 400 BC evidences of earlier recycling are recognized to have happened. Archaeological reports show that ancient waste dumps contained fewer of what is known today as household waste, including pots, utensils and ash, which shows that individuals were, even in those days, keen to reuse materials during a period when natural resources weren’t so freely available. Little did they know that what they were starting would play a huge role in shaping the world for future generations
Indeed it may be argued that the old ‘rag-and-bone’ man was just an early recycler collecting unwanted goods on his horse and cart, before reusing or turning the accumulated items into new things.
During periods such as the World War Years, recycling and re-use were vital as natural materials became much more difficult to get. Along with food being rationed, certain materials like metal and fibre were largely permitted just for use by the government in support of military operations, to meet manufacturing requirements often in the production of weaponry.
As a consequence of rising power costs, the demand to recycle aluminium increased during the 1970’s.. As a material aluminium utilises significantly less energy within the production process than many other materials. Also it was much sought after owing to its non rusting qualities. The need for aluminium saw the rise of scrap metal merchants who were ready to pay money in exchange for good quality metal. In addition, in the 70’s in areas of the USA, the first vans were seen to be collecting waste with a separate trailer for collection of recyclable resources being towed behind the vehicle.
To the late 1980’s, early 1990’s and as the awareness of managing the global environmental state heightened amongst international governments, the debate upon recycling really began to get impetus. In the UK, the authorities imposed recycling targets upon Local Authorities along with the introduction of new legal guidelines upon the waste sector, recycling schemes really began to take off. The once widely knownwaste disposal companies, began to call themselves waste management firms and demonstrated with the offer of waste collection and recyclable material collection that waste had to be handled more successfully. Local skip companies needed to become better at what they did.
Today, many hundreds of materials and resources can be recycled, ranging from paper, card, glass and plastics, to mobile phones, electrical items, printer cartridges, textiles, clothing and concrete. The demand for different types of collection receptacles has increased dramatically.
What Exactly is Recycling?
The word recycling describes the process of converting second hand items into new or nearly new products to avoid the need for potentially valuable materials or products to be discarded. Essentially it is diverting waste materials away from landfill.
Recycling takes on an important role in a world where climate change is high on the green agenda. It removes the requirement to unnecessarily send waste materials and products to landfill or other waste disposal options. This in turn lessens the need or the reliance upon the consumption of fresh or new raw materials, lowers energy usage and air and water supply pollution, all of which contribute to lower greenhouse gas emissions. Significant contributions to improving the natural environment.
Recycling would probably be most evident through the recycling assistance now provided by local councils for household refuse and recycling collections and by contemporary waste management companies who generally give a full range of waste and recycling collection services.
As there are now the knowledge to transform our waste to energy , great savings can be made on the sources which are slowly but surely running out and for that reason becoming very expensive.
Within the waste material industry, the most popular promotional activity is all around the waste material hierarchy – ‘reduce, reuse, recycle and recover’. This four R slogan is a simple message created for a far reaching crowd. Consider some ways to get rid of your waste materials. Could the waste products or materials be reused? Could the waste product or material be recycled or retrieved? Many questions to consider.
The waste material hierarchy is usually a strategy which a lot of waste management organisations and local bodies look at when establishing new waste management approaches. The plan is designed to concentrate the thoughts around preventing waste material being generated in the first place. Take into account the options for reuse and recycling but ultimately minimise the amount of waste produced at the end of the cycle.
And so the focus is very much on the entire production process. The waste materials hierarchy extends much wider than to waste materials management companies and local bodies. Working groups have been set up to bring many industries together to consider the entire waste cycle. By way of example, the producer of a product has to consider the way the product is to be designed. Could parts be used that can eventually be recycled or reused? Could the volume of packaging which often surrounds the item be reduced? When the item reaches the retailer, is it essential for the product to be left within an outer package? Once the retailer sells the merchandise, what will the purchaser do with the unwanted elements of the purchase, i.e. the packaging? How will the packaging be recovered and where will it go? Will it return to a recycling facility, for onward shipment to a reprocessing plant, where the cycle will begin all over again?
How are Materials Collected for Recycling?
Legislation now dictates that all waste needs to be treated to divert the volume of recyclables and unnecessary waste heading direct to landfill. Since 1996, the United Kingdom government has applied a landfill levy on all waste materials discarded within landfill. The rate of duty has increased considerably in recent years rising from the initial level of £8 per ton, to the current rate of £40 per ton. The UK government has previously announced that this will increase further to £48 per ton by the end of 2010/11. This rate applies to all general waste material streams, although there exists a reduced rate for inert products. Dispatching waste material directly to landfill is an expensive option and selecting acceptable methods to divert waste away from landfill has become important. For inert materials the rate is £2.50 per ton.
Thus, the message to everybody is crystal clear, segregate your waste materials to reduce the volume of waste materials going to landfill. Typically, both at home and at the office, the instant you place waste materials into the bin , it is forgotten about. Somebody else will collect it and take it away. Today, in your own home and in the office, recycling is being stimulated with the supply of bins in which to place specific recyclable materials.
Perhaps the most common resources to be seen being collected for recycling are paper, card, glass, metals and plastics. Even so the possiblity to recycle many materials or products keep increasing. Although technically not seen as recycling, food waste and garden waste collections are increasing, where the food or garden waste is taken back to a plant for processing into a reusable or saleable compost product.
The process of anaerobic digestion introduces micro- organisms into biodegradable matter, which performs in the absence of oxygen and minimizes the emissions of landfill gas.
The methods of collecting materials or waste material to be recycled is also escalating and ever more apparent within local communities. Specialist collection sites, known as bring bank sites, are springing up in superstore car parks to inspire clientele of the superstore to return such items as bottles, newspapers or card to the bins on their way into the store.
Local Authority waste collection crews or their appointed contractors will collect refuse and recyclables from the roadside typically at the front of your house. Collection from household premises normally remains the responsibility of the local authorities and several have now employed the supply of baskets in which to gather particular recyclable materials or products.
In the business and commercial category, waste management businesses offer different containers where the customer deposits the applicable waste material stream or recyclable material ready for collection. The particular containers will usually be clearly tagged as to which recyclable materials ought to be placed inside that container or bin. Otherwise, the bins will be colour coded to distinguish which recyclable products ought to be placed within which bins. Waste management companies also may have to deal with special requests from the customer.
One of the keys to a successful recycling initiative is informing the public about what can be recycled and how. In the commercial world getting the co-operation of office employees is crucial. The introduction of any recycling scheme must ensure that in asking staff to separate waste for recycling, it does not become time consuming and affect the efficiency of what employees should be doing in their work.
The Recycling Process
A variety of collection solutions exist for the collection of the recyclable material . Whichever collection system is utilised , the materials are taken to a drop off point where they will be segregated from other waste products.
To begin the recycling process from the collection viewpoint, the more recyclable material that can be segregated at origin, i.e. at home or in the workplace, the more useful it will be for the waste collector. For this reason individual containers are supplied to the waste producer to stimulate separation at source. If card can be collected using a vehicle, which will collect no other waste materials, the card is going to be kept uncontaminated and for that reason will have a greater value when it actually reaches the processing plant. In the same way, specialist glass collection vehicles are employed to collect only glass. Apart from the obvious health and safety factors and the weight of collected glass, it will have a greater value if the collected glass load is not mixed with other waste.
When collected, the recyclable resources may be taken direct to a reprocessing plant, if the load contains only that particular type of material. So a dedicated glass collection truck could take the load directly to a glass processing plant.
If blended recyclables are collected like paper and card within the same container, it may be necessary for the collector to take the load to a recycling centre to unload and allow the load to be segregated into individual paper and card bundles for onward transport to a paper or card processing plant. No matter which approach is employed, the recyclable material collected will most likely be sorted or washed before proceeding through to a reprocessing facility to be converted to a new resource and eventually used as a new product or in manufacturing.
All companies, large or small may be urged to introduce waste recycling systems within their organisations.
The Increasing Significance of Recycling
In the UK close to 35% of waste material collected from homes is recycled or composted. Whilst within the commercial and industrial community, the quantity of waste materials delivered to landfill has dropped substantially recently as well as the volume of waste materials now being diverted for recycling or reuse by this sector has grown above the volumes going to landfill.
Landfill continues to play a significant role in the control of waste across the UK as not all wastes are able to be recycled plus some are more suited to landfill disposal than by any other means. However, it’s not only the increasing expense of disposing of waste directly in landfill that is making recycling a far more appealing option for corporations. Landfill is now scarce, with many authorities indicating that the quantity of space accessible across all UK landfill sites, has under ten years existence remaining before all sites are considered to be filled. Such countries as Dubai have filled parts of the coastline with their waste and created useful land area to extend the boundaries of their kingdom.
In recent years, waste management companies have had to change their focus, and start to take into consideration and invest in technology, like energy from waste plants, anaerobic digestion facilities and mechanical biological treatment plants, as alternatives to landfill. Local Authorities have also changed their views by undertaking comprehensive strategic reviews as to how waste under their jurisdiction needs to be handled. In some instances this means unitary authorities are progressing plans to introduce long term contracts, usually around 25 years in length, through which to manage their waste material management needs. These deals will often include the need to develop a facility through which to take care of all waste materials generated throughout the region by segregating all waste material streams. The contracts might also include the collection of waste and recyclables from households across the region. So the face of waste management is changing rapidly. The times of merely throwing every little thing in the dustbin have gone and the arrival of new technologies are upon us.
Summary
Recycling has become a lifestyle and is not going anywhere soon. It has evolved over time from a thing that was performed with no real thought behind it. The trusty rag and bone man was just working to make a living. Today, many blue chip companies are setting out plans for a ‘zero to landfill’ waste plan, where the objective is very straightforward – reduce waste, reuse waste and recycle waste, but no waste must finish up in landfill.
Many properties across the country now have some form of bin in which to divide waste for recycling. The need to split up newspapers, aluminium cans and plastic bottles are almost common place. Whilst in industrial and business sectors, there is an increasing list of items to take into account for recycling like printer cartridges, office paper, metal and electrical equipment. Even on street corners and airports you see bins to recycle such items as newspapers and drink cans.
Ideally the whole process would be a complete cycle such as it was in the days of the horse. However the advent of new technology will accelerate further the way in which our waste is to be managed in the future, but it is highly unlikely that we will ever reach the ultimate waste free society.